Next up is dropout layers

include/math/abs.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/**++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ *
+ *                                              PANIC
+ *                              Portable Algorithms and Numerics In C++
+ *
+ *                       Scientific computing from scratch, with feeling.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Michelle Bausager
+ *
+ * This file is part of PANIC.
+ *
+ * PANIC is free software licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0 or later.
+ * You may redistribute and/or modify it under the terms of the GPL.
+ *
+ * PANIC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
+ * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ * See the LICENSE file for the full license text.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+ *
+ *++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ *
+ * Project Name:      PANIC
+ * Module Name:       math
+ * File Name:         abs.cpp
+ * Revision:          0.1.0
+ * Date:              07-08-2026
+ * Author:            Michelle Bausager
+ *
+ * Description:
+ * Functions to calculate the abs of value
+ *
+ *++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/
+#pragma once
+
+#include <tensor/vector.hpp> // for panic::vector
+#include <tensor/matrix.hpp> // for panic::matrix
+
+namespace panic{
+namespace math{
+
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief calculates the abs of a value.
+ *
+ * Computes:
+ * @code
+ * abs(x, y)
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @tparam T Numeric element type.
+ * @param x Value to take the abs of.
+ * @param y Result.
+ *
+ *
+ * @note This function is omp-friendly.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+bool abs(const T x, T& y);
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief calculates the abs of a value.
+ *
+ * Computes:
+ * @code
+ * result = abs(k)
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @tparam T Numeric element type.
+ * @param x Value to take the abs of.
+ *
+ * @return The calculated value
+ *
+ * @note This function is omp-friendly.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+T abs(const T x);
+
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates the abs elementwise in a vector
+ *
+ * Computes:
+ * @code
+ * c[i] = abs(a[i])
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @tparam T Numeric element type.
+ * @param a Input vector.
+ * @param c Output vector. Resized to match @p a.
+ *
+ * @return true if @p c was resized and filled successfully.
+ * @return false if resizing @p c failed.
+ *
+ * @note This overload writes the result into an existing vector to avoid
+ *       unnecessary temporary allocations.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+bool abs(const panic::tensor::vector<T>& a, panic::tensor::vector<T>& c);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates the abs elementwise in a vector
+ *
+ * Computes:
+ * @code
+ * result[i] = abs(a[i])
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @tparam T Numeric element type.
+ * @param a Input vector.
+ *
+ * @return A new vector containing the result.
+ * @return An empty vector if the operation fails.
+ *
+ * @note This overload is convenient, but may allocate a new vector.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+panic::tensor::vector<T> abs(const panic::tensor::vector<T>& a);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Calculates the abs elementwise of a matrix
+ *
+ * Computes:
+ * @code
+ * C(i,j) = abs(A(i,j))
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @tparam T Numeric element type.
+ * @param A Input matrix.
+ * @param C Output Matrix. Resized to match @p A.
+ *
+ * @return true if @p C was resized and filled successfully.
+ * @return false if resizing @p C failed.
+ *
+ * @note This overload writes the result into an existing vector to avoid
+ *       unnecessary temporary allocations.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+bool abs(const panic::tensor::matrix<T>& A, panic::tensor::matrix<T>& C);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Returns the calculated abs elementwise of the matrix
+ *
+ * Computes:
+ * @code
+ * result(i,j) = abs(A(i,j))
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * @tparam T Numeric element type.
+ * @param A Input matrix.
+ *
+ * @return A new matrix containing the result.
+ * @return An empty matrix if the operation fails.
+ *
+ * @note This overload is convenient, but may allocate a new vector.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+panic::tensor::matrix<T> abs(const panic::tensor::matrix<T>& A);
+
+} // namespace math
+} // namespace panic

include/neural_network/layer/layer_dense.hpp

@@ -71,7 +71,12 @@ struct layer_dense : trainable_layer{
      * @param neurons Amount of neurons in the layer
      * 
      */
-	layer_dense(panic::types::uint_t input_size, panic::types::uint_t neurons);
+	layer_dense(panic::types::uint_t input_size, 
+                panic::types::uint_t neurons,
+                panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l1 = 0,
+                panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l2 = 0,
+                panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l1 = 0,
+                panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l2 = 0);
 
     /**
      * @brief Default de-constructor

include/neural_network/layer/trainable_layer.hpp

@@ -63,6 +63,12 @@ struct trainable_layer:layer{
     panic::tensor::real_matrix dweights;
     panic::tensor::real_vector dbiases;
 
+    panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l1;
+    panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l2;
+
+    panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l1;
+    panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l2;
+
     /**
      * @brief Previous parameter updates used by momentum SGD.
      *
@@ -82,6 +88,9 @@ struct trainable_layer:layer{
     panic::tensor::real_vector bias_cache;
 
 
+
+
+
 	virtual ~trainable_layer() = default;
 
 

include/neural_network/loss/loss.hpp

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include <tensor/matrix.hpp> // panic::tensor::real_matrix (uint_matrix, int_matrix)
 #include <tensor/vector.hpp>
 
+#include <neural_network/layer/trainable_layer.hpp>
 
 namespace panic{
 	namespace neural_network{
@@ -73,6 +74,11 @@ struct loss{
      */
     panic::types::real_t data_loss = 0;
 
+    /**
+     * @brief Regularization loss over a layer.
+     */
+    panic::types::real_t regularization_loss_value = 0;
+
     /**
      * @brief Gradient with respect to the loss input.
      *
@@ -172,6 +178,15 @@ struct loss{
         const panic::tensor::real_matrix& y_pred, 
         const panic::tensor::real_matrix& y_true);
 
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Caclculates the  regularization loss of a trainable layer
+     * 
+     */
+    bool regularization_loss(const trainable_layer& layer);
+
+
+
 };
 
 

include/neural_network/model/model.hpp

@@ -205,10 +205,12 @@ struct model{
      *
      * @note This function is convenient, but it allocates a new layer.
      */
-    bool add_layer_dense(
+    bool add_layer_dense(panic::types::uint_t input_size, 
-        panic::types::uint_t input_size,
+                panic::types::uint_t neurons,
-        panic::types::uint_t neuron_count
+                panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l1 = 0,
-    );
+                panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l2 = 0,
+                panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l1 = 0,
+                panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l2 = 0);
 
     /**
      * @brief Adds a activation ReLU layer to the model.
@@ -412,6 +414,18 @@ struct model{
      */
     bool optimize();
 
+    /**
+     * @brief  Calculates regulaization for parameters on trainable layers
+     *
+     * Computes:
+     * @code
+     * model.calculate_regularization_loss()
+     * @endcode
+     *
+     * @return true if optimization is done correctly.
+     *
+     */
+    bool calculate_regularization_loss(panic::types::real_t& regularization_loss);
 
 
     /**

main.cpp

@@ -706,9 +706,16 @@ int main(void) {
     panic::tensor::real_matrix X;
     panic::tensor::uint_vector y;
 
-    panic::types::uint_t samples = 100;
+    panic::types::uint_t samples = 1000;
     panic::types::uint_t classes = 3;
 
+    panic::types::uint_t layer_size = 256;
+
+
+    panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l1 = 0;
+    panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l2 = 5e-4;
+    panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l1 = 0;
+    panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l2 = 5e-4;
 
     // create spiral data 
     panic::neural_network::spiral_data(samples, classes, X, y);
@@ -718,7 +725,11 @@ int main(void) {
     panic::neural_network::model mymodel;
 
     // Create Dense layer with 2 input features and 3 output values
-    if (!mymodel.add_layer_dense(2,64)){
+    if (!mymodel.add_layer_dense(2,layer_size,
+                                    weight_regularizer_l1,
+                                    weight_regularizer_l2,
+                                    bias_regularizer_l1,
+                                    bias_regularizer_l2)){
         return false;
     }
     
@@ -726,9 +737,14 @@ int main(void) {
     if (!mymodel.add_activation_relu()){
         return false;
     }
+
     
     // Create a second dense layer with 3 inputs and 3 outputs
-    if (!mymodel.add_layer_dense(64, 3)){
+    if (!mymodel.add_layer_dense(layer_size, 3,
+                                    weight_regularizer_l1,
+                                    weight_regularizer_l2,
+                                    bias_regularizer_l1,
+                                    bias_regularizer_l2)){
         return false;
     }
     
@@ -769,7 +785,7 @@ int main(void) {
     }
     */
 
-    panic::types::real_t learning_rate = 0.02;
+    panic::types::real_t learning_rate = 0.001;
     panic::types::real_t decay = 1e-5;
     panic::types::real_t epsilon = 1e-7;
     panic::types::real_t beta_1 = 0.9;
@@ -794,5 +810,11 @@ int main(void) {
     }
 
 
+    
+
+
+    
+
+
 	return 0;
 }

src/math/abs.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+/**++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ *
+ *                                              PANIC
+ *                              Portable Algorithms and Numerics In C++
+ *
+ *                       Scientific computing from scratch, with feeling.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Michelle Bausager
+ *
+ * This file is part of PANIC.
+ *
+ * PANIC is free software licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0 or later.
+ * You may redistribute and/or modify it under the terms of the GPL.
+ *
+ * PANIC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
+ * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ * See the LICENSE file for the full license text.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+ *
+ *++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ *
+ * Project Name:      PANIC
+ * Module Name:       math
+ * File Name:         abs.cpp
+ * Revision:          0.1.0
+ * Date:              07-08-2026
+ * Author:            Michelle Bausager
+ *
+ * Description:
+ * Functions to calculate the sqrt of numbers
+ *
+ *++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/
+
+//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// INCLUDE DESCRIPTION
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#include <math/abs.hpp>
+#include <config/omp.hpp>
+#include <config/types.hpp>
+
+#include <tensor/vector.hpp> // for panic::vector
+#include <tensor/matrix.hpp> // for panic::matrix
+
+//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// PRIVATE CONSTANTS
+//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/**
+ * @brief Minimum number of element operations before using the OpenMP-enabled loop.
+ *
+ * Small vectors and matrices are kept serial because the overhead of starting
+ * worker threads can be larger than the work itself.
+ */
+static const panic::types::uint_t abs_omp_min_work = 250;
+//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// INPLEMENTATION
+//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+namespace panic {
+	namespace math {
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Function Name : panic::math::abs
+//
+// Description:
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template <typename T>
+bool abs(const T x, T& y){
+
+	if (x < static_cast<T>(0)){
+		y = -x;
+	}
+	else{
+		y = x;
+	}
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// EXPLICIT TEMPLATE INSTANTIATION
+//
+// The implementation is in this .cpp file.
+// Build the overload for the official PANIC numeric types.
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template bool abs(const panic::types::real_t x,
+                    panic::types::real_t& y
+);
+
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Function Name : panic::math::abs
+//
+// Description:
+//
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template <typename T>
+T abs(const T x){
+    T y;
+    if (! abs(x,y)){
+        return T();
+    }
+    
+    return y;
+}
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// EXPLICIT TEMPLATE INSTANTIATION
+//
+// The implementation is in this .cpp file.
+// Build the overload for the official PANIC numeric types.
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template panic::types::real_t abs(const panic::types::real_t x
+);
+
+
+
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Function Name : panic::math::abs
+//
+// Description:
+//		Calculates the abs elementwise of a vector
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template <typename T>
+bool abs(const panic::tensor::vector<T>& a, panic::tensor::vector<T>& c){
+
+	if (!c.resize(a.size())){
+		return false;
+	}
+
+    bool valid = true;
+
+    // valid remains true only if every abs is valid.
+    PANIC_OMP_PARALLEL_FOR_REDUCTION_IF( a.size() > abs_omp_min_work, &&, valid )
+    for (panic::types::uint_t i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i){
+        const bool nonzero = abs(a[i], c[i]);
+        valid = valid && nonzero;
+    }
+
+	return valid;
+}
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// EXPLICIT TEMPLATE INSTANTIATION
+//
+// The implementation is in this .cpp file.
+// Build the overload for the official PANIC numeric types.
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template bool abs<panic::types::real_t>(const panic::tensor::vector<panic::types::real_t>& a,
+										panic::tensor::vector<panic::types::real_t>& c
+);
+
+
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Function Name : panic::math::abs
+//
+// Description:
+//		Calculates the abs elementwise for a vector
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template <typename T>
+panic::tensor::vector<T> abs(const panic::tensor::vector<T>& a){
+	panic::tensor::vector<T> c(a.size());
+
+	if (!abs(a, c)){
+		return panic::tensor::vector<T>();
+	}
+
+	return c;
+}
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// EXPLICIT TEMPLATE INSTANTIATION
+//
+// The implementation is in this .cpp file.
+// Build the overload for the official PANIC numeric types.
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template panic::tensor::vector<panic::types::real_t> 
+				abs(const panic::tensor::vector<panic::types::real_t>& a
+);
+
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Function Name : panic::math::abs
+//
+// Description:
+//		calculates the natrual abs elementwise of a matrix
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template <typename T>
+bool abs(const panic::tensor::matrix<T>& A, panic::tensor::matrix<T>& C){
+
+	panic::types::uint_t rows = A.rows();
+	panic::types::uint_t cols = A.cols();
+	panic::types::uint_t work = rows*cols;
+
+	if ( !C.resize(rows, cols) ){
+		return false;
+	}
+
+    bool valid = true;
+
+    // valid remains true only if every abs is valid.
+	PANIC_OMP_PARALLEL_FOR_IF(work > abs_omp_min_work)
+	for (panic::types::uint_t i = 0; i < rows; ++i){
+		for (panic::types::uint_t j = 0; j < cols; ++j){
+            const bool nonzero = abs(A(i,j), C(i,j));
+            valid = valid && nonzero;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return valid;
+}
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// EXPLICIT TEMPLATE INSTANTIATION
+//
+// The implementation is in this .cpp file.
+// Build the overload for the official PANIC numeric types.
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template bool abs(const panic::tensor::matrix<panic::types::real_t>& A,
+					panic::tensor::matrix<panic::types::real_t>& C
+);
+
+
+
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Function Name : panic::math::abs
+//
+// Description:
+//		Calculates the natrual abs element-wise of a matrix
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template <typename T>
+panic::tensor::matrix<T> abs(const panic::tensor::matrix<T>& A){
+	panic::tensor::matrix<T> C;
+
+	if (!abs(A, C)){
+		return panic::tensor::matrix<T>();
+	}
+
+	return C;
+}
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// EXPLICIT TEMPLATE INSTANTIATION
+//
+// The implementation is in this .cpp file.
+// Build the overload for the official PANIC numeric types.
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+template panic::tensor::matrix<panic::types::real_t> 
+						abs(const panic::tensor::matrix<panic::types::real_t>& A
+);
+
+
+	} // namespace math
+} // namespace panic

src/neural_network/layer/layer_dense.cpp

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
  * Small vectors and matrices are kept serial because the overhead of starting
  * worker threads can be larger than the work itself.
  */
-static const panic::types::uint_t layer_dense_omp_min_size = 500;
+static const panic::types::uint_t layer_dense_omp_min_size = 250;
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // INPLEMENTATION
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -75,6 +75,10 @@ layer_dense::layer_dense() {
 	biases.resize(0);
 	dweights.resize(0,0);
 	dbiases.resize(0);
+    weight_regularizer_l1 = 0;
+    weight_regularizer_l2 = 0;
+    bias_regularizer_l1 = 0;
+    bias_regularizer_l2 = 0;
 }
 
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -83,13 +87,26 @@ layer_dense::layer_dense() {
 // Description:
 //		Creates an empty layer with neurons.
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-layer_dense::layer_dense(panic::types::uint_t input_size, panic::types::uint_t neurons) {
+layer_dense::layer_dense(panic::types::uint_t input_size, 
+						panic::types::uint_t neurons,
+		                panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l1,
+		                panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l2,
+		                panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l1,
+		                panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l2) {
+
+
 	weights.resize(input_size, neurons);
 	panic::random::uniform(weights, static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(-1), static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(1));
 	panic::math::mul(weights, static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(0.01), weights);
 
 	biases.resize(neurons);
 	biases.fill(0);
+
+	this->weight_regularizer_l1 = weight_regularizer_l1;
+    this->weight_regularizer_l2 = weight_regularizer_l2;
+    this-> bias_regularizer_l1 = bias_regularizer_l1;
+    this-> bias_regularizer_l2 = bias_regularizer_l2;
+
 	
 }
 
@@ -134,11 +151,69 @@ bool layer_dense::forward(const panic::tensor::real_matrix& input_data){
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 bool layer_dense::backward(const panic::tensor::real_matrix& dvalues){
 
+	
 
 	// Gradients on parameters
 	dweights = panic::math::matmul(panic::math::transpose(inputs), dvalues);
 	dbiases = panic::math::sum_colwise(dvalues);
 
+	panic::types::uint_t weight_work = dweights.rows()*dweights.cols();
+
+	if (weight_regularizer_l1 > static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(0)){
+
+		PANIC_OMP_PARALLEL_FOR_IF(weight_work > layer_dense_omp_min_size)
+		for (panic::types::uint_t i = 0; i < dweights.rows(); ++i){
+			for (panic::types::uint_t j = 0; j < dweights.cols(); ++j){
+
+				if (weights(i,j) < static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(0)){
+					dweights(i,j) += weight_regularizer_l1 * -1;
+				}
+				else{
+					dweights(i,j) += weight_regularizer_l1 * 1;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (weight_regularizer_l2 > static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(0)){
+
+		PANIC_OMP_PARALLEL_FOR_IF(weight_work > layer_dense_omp_min_size)
+		for (panic::types::uint_t i = 0; i < dweights.rows(); ++i){
+			for (panic::types::uint_t j = 0; j < dweights.cols(); ++j){
+
+				dweights(i,j) += static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(2) * weight_regularizer_l2 * weights(i,j);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+	if (bias_regularizer_l1 > static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(0)){
+
+		PANIC_OMP_PARALLEL_FOR_IF(dbiases.size() > layer_dense_omp_min_size)
+		for (panic::types::uint_t i = 0; i < dbiases.size(); ++i){
+
+			if (biases[i] < static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(0)){
+				dbiases[i] += bias_regularizer_l1 * -1;
+			}
+			else{
+				dbiases[i] += bias_regularizer_l1 * 1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (bias_regularizer_l2 > static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(0)){
+
+		PANIC_OMP_PARALLEL_FOR_IF(dbiases.size() > layer_dense_omp_min_size)
+		for (panic::types::uint_t i = 0; i < dbiases.size(); ++i){
+
+			dbiases[i]  += static_cast<panic::types::real_t>(2) * bias_regularizer_l2 * biases[i];
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Gradients on values
 	dinputs = panic::math::matmul(dvalues, panic::math::transpose(weights));
 

src/neural_network/loss/loss.cpp

@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@
 #include <tensor/vector.hpp>
 
 #include <math/mean.hpp>
+#include <math/abs.hpp>
+#include <math/add.hpp>
+#include <math/mul.hpp>
+#include <math/sum.hpp>
 
 
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -52,7 +56,7 @@
  * Small vectors and matrices are kept serial because the overhead of starting
  * worker threads can be larger than the work itself.
  */
-static const panic::types::uint_t loss_omp_min_size = 500;
+static const panic::types::uint_t loss_omp_min_size = 250;
 //---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
@@ -115,6 +119,43 @@ bool loss::calculate(
     return true;
 }
 
+
+
+
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Function Name : panic::neural_network::loss::regularization_loss
+//
+// Description:
+//      Calculates the regularization loss of a trainable layer.
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+bool loss::regularization_loss(const trainable_layer& layer){
+
+    regularization_loss_value = 0;
+    
+    if (layer.weight_regularizer_l1 > 0){
+        regularization_loss_value += panic::math::sum(panic::math::abs(layer.weights))*layer.weight_regularizer_l1;
+    }
+
+    if (layer.weight_regularizer_l2 > 0){
+        regularization_loss_value += panic::math::sum(panic::math::mul(layer.weights,layer.weights))*layer.weight_regularizer_l2;
+    }
+
+    if (layer.bias_regularizer_l1 > 0){
+        regularization_loss_value += panic::math::sum(panic::math::abs(layer.biases))*layer.bias_regularizer_l1;
+    }
+
+    if (layer.bias_regularizer_l2 > 0){
+        regularization_loss_value += panic::math::sum(panic::math::mul(layer.biases,layer.biases))*layer.bias_regularizer_l2;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Function Name : panic::neural_network::loss::forward
 //

src/neural_network/model/model.cpp

@@ -251,12 +251,20 @@ bool model::add_trainable_layer(trainable_layer* new_layer){
 // Example:
 //      model.add_layer_dense(100, 64);
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-bool model::add_layer_dense(
+bool model::add_layer_dense(panic::types::uint_t input_size, 
-    panic::types::uint_t input_size,
+                            panic::types::uint_t neurons,
-    panic::types::uint_t neuron_count){
+                            panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l1,
+                            panic::types::real_t weight_regularizer_l2,
+                            panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l1,
+                            panic::types::real_t bias_regularizer_l2){
 
     // Create the dense layer.
-    layer_dense* new_layer = new layer_dense(input_size, neuron_count);
+    layer_dense* new_layer = new layer_dense(input_size, 
+                                                neurons, 
+                                                weight_regularizer_l1,
+                                                weight_regularizer_l2,
+                                                bias_regularizer_l1,
+                                                bias_regularizer_l2);
 
     if (new_layer == 0){
         return false;
@@ -709,8 +717,6 @@ bool model::optimize(){
             return false;
         }
 
-
-
         if (! optimizer_function->update_params(*trainable_layers[i]) ){
             return false;
         }
@@ -726,6 +732,41 @@ bool model::optimize(){
 }
 
 
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Function Name : panic::neural_network::model::calculate_regularization_loss
+//
+// Description:
+//      Calculates regulaization for parameters on trainable layers
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+bool model::calculate_regularization_loss(panic::types::real_t& regularization_loss){
+
+    regularization_loss = 0;
+
+    if (loss_function == 0){
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    for(panic::types::uint_t i = 0; i < trainable_layer_count; ++i){
+        
+        // Validate the stored layer pointers before using them.
+        if (trainable_layers[i] == 0){
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (! loss_function->regularization_loss(*trainable_layers[i])){
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        regularization_loss += loss_function->regularization_loss_value;
+
+
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+
+
 
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Function Name : panic::neural_network::model::train
@@ -745,13 +786,21 @@ bool model::train(const panic::tensor::real_matrix& X_train,
     for (panic::types::uint_t epoch = 0; epoch < epochs+1; ++epoch){
 
 
-        forward(X_train);
+        if (!forward(X_train)){
-
+            return false;
+        }
         // Calculate loss from the model's final output.
         if (!loss_function->calculate(outputs, y_train)){
             return false;
         }
 
+        // Caluclates regula
+        panic::types::real_t regularization_loss = 0;
+
+        if (! calculate_regularization_loss(regularization_loss)){
+            return false;
+        }
+
         // There must be one output row for every target label.
         if (outputs.rows() != y_train.size() || outputs.cols() == static_cast<panic::types::uint_t>(0)){
             return false;
@@ -780,6 +829,8 @@ bool model::train(const panic::tensor::real_matrix& X_train,
             std::cout << "Epoch: " << epoch;
             std::cout << "      lr: " << optimizer_function->current_learning_rate;
             std::cout << "      data loss: " << loss_function->data_loss;
+            std::cout << "      reg loss: " << regularization_loss;
+            std::cout << "      total loss: " << loss_function->data_loss + regularization_loss;
             std::cout << "      acc: " << accuracy << std::endl;
         }